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Hokkien and Hoklo Americans

This article was considered for deletion at Wikipedia on July 28 2016. This is a backup of Wikipedia:Hokkien_and_Hoklo_Americans. All of its AfDs can be found at Wikipedia:Special:PrefixIndex/Wikipedia:Articles_for_deletion/Hokkien_and_Hoklo_Americans. PurgeTemplate:More footnotes

Template:Infobox ethnic group Template:Americans Hokkien and Hoklo Americans are American people of Hoklo descent, a Han Chinese subgroup with ancestral roots in Southern Fujian, particularly around the modern prefrcture-level cities of Quanzhou (Choanchiu), Zhangzhou (Chiangchiu), and Xiamen (Amoy, Emng). They are also known by various endonyms (Template:Zh), or other related terms such as Banlam (Minnan) people (Template:Zh) or Hokkien people (Template:Zh). These people usually also have roots in the Hokkien diaspora in Taiwan, the Philipines, Malaysia, Indonesia, Singapore etc. Most Hoklo and Hokkien people in the United States do not identify as such instead identify as "Chinese", "Taiwanese" or possibly the other aforementioned nationalities.

Although around 70% of Taiwanese people in Taiwan are Hoklo, there are slightly more Taiwanese Americans who are Mainland Chinese (waishengren) most of whom are not Hoklo.[1][2] Furthermore, Hoklo and Hakka Han people who have roots in Taiwan from before 1945 (benshengren) are more likely to identify as "Taiwanese".[3] American Community Survey program of the United States Census Bureau reported that 200,000 Americans identify as "Taiwanese" and 70,000 speak Taiwanese at home.

The first Indonesians to move to Southern California were Indos (Indonesians of mixed pribumi and European descent).[4] However, the majority of Indonesians who came in the 1960s were of Chinese descent.[5] Unofficial estimates suggest that as many as 50% of the Indonesians in Southern California are of Chinese descent[6] and the majority of Chinese Indonesians are Hokkien.

Chinese Filipinos are one of the largest overseas Chinese communities in Southeast Asia.[7] Sangleys—Filipinos with at least some Chinese ancestry—comprise 18-27% of the Philippine population, totaling up to 30 million people.[8][9] There are approximately 2 million Filipinos with pure Chinese ancestry, or around 2.5% of the population.[10] Most of the Chinese in the Philippines trace their ancestry to Hokkien regions.

History

Template:Expand section Template:See also Some coolies and laborers in Hawaii during the 1800s were from southern Fukien.[11] There is a Hoklo cemetery in the Pauoa Valley in Honolulu.

ResearchersTemplate:Who have looked upon the patterns of immigration of Filipinos to the United States and have recognized four significant waves. The first was connected to the period when the Philippines was part of New Spain and later the Spanish East Indies; Filipinos, via the Manila galleons, would migrate to North America.

The second wave was during the period when the Philippines were a territory of the United States; as U.S. Nationals, Filipinos were unrestricted from immigrating to the US by the Immigration Act of 1917 that restricted other Asians.[12] This wave of immigration has been referred to as the manong generation.[13][14][15] Filipinos of this wave came for different reasons, but the majority were laborers, predominantly Ilocano and Visayan.[12] This wave of immigration was distinct from other Asian Americans, due to American influences, and education, in the Philippines; thefore they did not see themselves as aliens when they immigrated to the United States.[16] During the Great Depression, Filipino Americans were also affected, losing jobs, and being the target of race based violence.[17] This wave of immigration ended due to the Philippine Independence Act in 1934, which restricted immigration to 50 persons a year.[12]

Hoklo Taiwanese people are about 70% of the population of Taiwan, but the first wave of Taiwanese immigrants to America were mostly Mainland Chinese, most of whom were not Hoklo. Hoklo people started immigrating in larger numbers after the 80s.

Immigration from Mainland China was almost non-existent until 1977, when the PRC removed restrictions on emigration leading to immigration of college students and professionals.

Notable people

File:Amy Chua 2012 Shankbone.JPG
The "tiger mother" Amy Chua grew up speaking Philippine Hokkien (Lân-lâng-oé; 咱儂話) at home

References

  1. ↑ Ng, Franklin (1998). The Taiwanese Americans. Greenwood. 
  2. ↑ Linda Gail Arrigo. "Patterns of Personal and Political Life Among Taiwanese-Americans" (PDF). http://www.linda-gail-arrigo.org/Articles/Life%20Patterns%20Among%20Taiwanese-Americans.pdf. Retrieved 2016-07-29. 
  3. ↑ Lai, Him Mark. Becoming Chinese American: A History of Communities and Institutions. p. 245. 
  4. ↑ Template:Harvnb
  5. ↑ Template:Harvnb
  6. ↑ Template:Harvnb
  7. ↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 18 October 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20131018051535/http://www.ocac.gov.tw/download.asp?tag=P&file=DownFile/File_17979.pdf&no=17979. Retrieved 26 February 2014. 
  8. ↑ "Sangley, Intsik und Sino : die chinesische Haendlerminoritaet in den Philippine". http://library.wur.nl/WebQuery/clc/587677. Retrieved 2016-07-29. 
  9. ↑ "The ethnic Chinese variable in domestic and foreign policies in Malaysia and Indonesia" (PDF). http://summit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/6689/b1744892x.pdf. Retrieved 2012-04-23. 
  10. ↑ "Senate declares Chinese New Year as special working holiday". http://www.senate.gov.ph/press_release/2013/0121_prib1.asp. Retrieved 2016-07-29. 
  11. ↑ "The First Chinese Contract Laborers in Hawaii, 1852" (PDF). https://evols.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/10524/131/2/JL09144.pdf. Retrieved 2016-07-29. 
  12. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named wavesi
  13. ↑ "Filipino American History". Northern California Pilipino American Student Organization. California State University, Chico. January 29, 1998. http://www.csuchico.edu/ncpaso/filipino.htm. Retrieved June 7, 2011. "These Filipino pioneers were known as the "manong generation" since most of them came from Ilokos Sur, Iloilo, and Cavite in the Philippines." 
  14. ↑ "Learn about our culture". Filipino Student Association. Saint Louis University. http://www.slu.edu/organizations/fsa/fsaphilippines.html. Retrieved June 7, 2011. "These Filipino pioneers were known as the "manong generation" since most of them came from Ilokos Sur, Iloilo, and Cavite in the Philippines." 
  15. ↑ Jackson, Yo (2006). Encyclopedia of multicultural psychology. Thousand Oaks, California: SAGE. p. 216. ISBN 978-1-4129-0948-8. http://books.google.com/books?id=_hcurFqnQioC&lpg=PA216&dq=Manong%20%22Second%20Wave%22%20Immigration%20%22Filipino%20American%22&pg=PA216#v=onepage&q&f=false. Retrieved June 7, 2011. "Included in this group were Pensionados, Sakadas, Alaskeros, and Manongs primarily from the Illocos and Visayas regions." 
  16. ↑ Starr, Kevin (2009). Golden dreams: California in an age of abundance, 1950–1963. New York: Oxford University Press US. p. 450. ISBN 978-0-19-515377-4. http://books.google.com/books?id=ZWy4TexzsScC&lpg=PA452&dq=agricultural%20workers%20First%20Filipino%20Infantry%20Regiment&pg=PA450#v=onepage&q&f=false. Retrieved April 27, 2011. "They were, however, officially under the protection of the United States, which governed the Philippines, and herein they took a distinctive characteristics. First of all, they had been inculcated in the Philippines, through the American-sponsored education system and through the general point of view of a colonial society strongly under American influence, in the belief that all men were created equal, in fact and under the law, and that included them. Second, they spoke English, excellently in many cases, thanks once again to the American sponsored educational system in the Philippines. Filipino migrant workers did not see themselves as aliens." 
  17. ↑ Austin, Joe; Michael Willard (1998). Generations of youth: youth cultures and history in twentieth-century America. New York: NYU Press. pp. 118–135. ISBN 978-0-8147-0646-6. http://books.google.com/books?id=dyXC3oyvmqcC&lpg=PA120&dq=Filipinos%20immigrants%20urban&pg=PA118#v=onepage&q&f=false. Retrieved April 27, 2011. 

Bibliography

  • Ding, Picus Sizhi, Southern Min (Hokkien) as a Migrating Language, Springer, 2016
  • Brown, Melissa J., Is Taiwan Chinese?: The Impact of Culture, Power, and Migration on Changing Identities (Berkeley Series in Interdisciplinary Studies of China), University of California Press, 2004
  • edited by Robin M Boylorn, Mark P Orbe, Critical Autoethnography: Intersecting Cultural Identities in Everyday Life, Routledge, 2013

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