The lost European countries in the 20th century
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Introduction
The lost country is the extinct state which had lost its ethnic grounds, land, language or was occupied by the other country and lost their national identity (name, anthem, flag). It is also a country which had lost any of its political powers and become completely dependent on other countries' interests.
In the beginning of the 20th century our world covered a few dozen independent countries. Now we are living in the 21th century and can count only more than 200 sovereign states. So, the question is what have happened to the others? Why did time pass away numerous of different governments, flags and hyms and why all of that happened exactly in the 20th century?
The 20th century was the time of changes. The world was touched by the First and the Second world wars, Economic depression, the Holocaust, the rise of dictatorship and many other events which had a huge influence on country‘s independence. Scientists* still cannot answer for sure and guarantee that all of these facts are the reason why more than hundred of countries had lost their independence. Anyway, these enigmatical suspicious should be lightened up.
So, the purpose of this article is to sum up all the possibilities why some countries didn‘t survive till this day and find out what could be the main reasons of this loss by exploring these aspects:
• What was that country like in its golden time?
• Why have happend to that country?
• What is happening in its territory now?
*Just to comphasize, in this article you are going to find out 10 different science hypothesis and personal authors' opinion. Nevertheless, a variety of articles constantly show up with different opinions on this topic, nobody still has not tried to mix all of ideas and find the real answer. Everyone is able to have an access to include more countries to this list.
The list of the countries
- The European countries that had disappeared in 20th century
Name | Period | National flag | Description |
---|---|---|---|
Albanian Kingdom | 1928-1939 |
| |
Albanian Republic | 1925-1928 |
| |
Armenia (Democratic Republic) | 1918-1920 |
| |
Austrio - Hungarian Empire | 1867-1918 |
| |
Azerbaijan (Democratic Republic) | 1918-1920 |
| |
Bulgaria (Principality) | 1878–1908 |
| |
Cretan State | 1898-1913 |
| |
Czechoslovakia | 1918-1992 |
| |
Democratic Republic of Georgia | 1918-1921 |
| |
East Germany | 1949-1990 |
| |
First Austrian Republic | 1918–1934 |
| |
Federal State of Austria | 1934–1938 |
| |
Finland (Grand Duchy) | 1809–1918 |
| |
German Empire | 1871-1918 |
| |
Irish Free state | 1922–1937 |
| |
Italian Social Republic | 1943–1945 | o In the middle of the Second World War the Italian was divided into to different states: South Italian and Italian Social Republic (also called as a Salo) which was governed by Mussolini. The purpose for ISR was to control political power of fascist Italy.[33]
o By the end of the Second World War Italians were fed up with monarchy regime and made a decision to capitulate[34]. o At this moment Italy is united parliamentary democracy. The capital of Italy is Rome. The city is famous for its Coliseum which attract more than 5 miliion tourists every year[35]. | |
Kingdom of Yugoslavia | 1918-1941 |
| |
Kingdom of Prussia | 1701-1918 |
| |
Kingdom of Portugal | 1139–1910 |
| |
Moldavian Democratic Republic | 1917-1918 |
| |
Montenegro (Kingdom) | 1910-1918 |
| |
Montenegro (Principality) | 1878–1910 |
| |
Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus | 1917–1920 |
| |
Nazi Germany | 1933–1945 |
| |
Ottoman Empire | 1299-1923 |
| |
People's Republic of Yugoslavia | 1944-1992 |
| |
People's Socialist Republic of Albania | 1946-1992 |
| |
Principality of Albania | 1914-1925 |
| |
Romania (Kingdom) | 1881–1947 |
| |
Romania | 1947–1989 |
| |
Russian Empire | 1721–1917 |
| |
Russian SFSR | 1917–1922 |
| |
Serbia (Kingdom) | 1882–1918 |
| |
Slovak State | 1939–1945 |
| |
Spanish State | 1939–1975 |
| |
Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic | 1918 |
| |
Trieste (Free Territory) | 1947–1975 |
| |
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics | 1922-1991 |
| |
Ukraine (People’s Republic) | 1917–1921 |
| |
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland | 1801–1922 |
| |
West Germany | 1949-1990 |
|
Findings
There is not only one reason of dissolutions of countries. It depends on the exact period which contains political context (for instance, World War I). Furthermore, the states were established in unique ways as well. There are different countries with their own regime, culture, history, ethnic groups and even influence in the world. The diplomatic or radical relations among the neighbours did an enormous impact on every state's further existence.
First of all, major collapses were caused by two aggresive countries - the Soviet Union and Germany. Their expansion policy had the tendency to capture other territories and strengthen the power. Besides, there were also more countries that have made inroads into neighbourd states in order to reinforce themselves.
Secondly, it might be one country but changing its status (Kingdom, Democratic Republic etc ). Especially the leaders are willing to make their authority permanent.
Many countries have split and several new countries have created as well. Global reforms affected the others to make changes in their states too.
Conversely, it was even beneficial to unite territories and become one strong country which can protect ourselves from dangers or start developing as one big society.
Wars, economic struggles, inner anarchy are claimed to be the other reasons. A wave of nationalism swept many countries in Europe.
The First and the Second world wars, Economic depression, the Holocaust, the rise of dictatorship and many other events really had a huge influence on country‘s independence.
Footnotes and references
- ↑ Kallis, Aristotle A. (2000). Fascist ideology: territory and expansionism in Italy and Germany, 1922–1945.. London, England, UK:: Routledge.
- ↑ "Kingdoms of Eastern Europe - Albania". http://www.historyfiles.co.uk/KingListsEurope/EasternAlbania.htm.
- ↑ "Mussolini founds the Fascist party - Mar 23, 1919 - HISTORY.com". http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/mussolini-founds-the-fascist-party.
- ↑ Owen Pearson, Albania and King Zog: Independence, Republic and Monarchy, 1908–1939, Edition illustrated Publisher I.B.Tauris, 2004
- ↑ Aristotle A. Kallis. Fascist ideology: territory and expansionism in Italy and Germany, 1922-1945. London, England, UK: Routledge, 2000. Pp. 132.
- ↑ "King Zog I of Albania | History Today". http://www.historytoday.com/richard-cavendish/king-zog-i-albania.
- ↑ "Democratic Republic of Armenia (1918-1920)". http://www.jdemirdjian.com/page2008/Democratic_Republic_of_Armenia.htm.
- ↑ "Democratic Republic of Armenia (1918-1920)". http://www.jdemirdjian.com/page2008/Democratic_Republic_of_Armenia.htm.
- ↑ "Austro-Hungarian Empire k.u.k. Monarchy dual-monarchic Habsburg Emperors of Austria". http://www.wien-vienna.com/austrohungary.php.
- ↑ "Why and How Do States Collapse? The Case of Austria-Hungary in the Inter-war Historical Discourse" (in en-US). 2009-11-09. http://www.iwm.at/publications/5-junior-visiting-fellows-conferences/vol-xxi/adam-kozuchowski/.
- ↑ http://azerireport.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=169
- ↑ "Azerbaijan International - Chronology of Major Events in Azerbaijan". http://azer.com/aiweb/categories/magazine/61_folder/61_articles/61_chronology.html.
- ↑ Pearson, Raymond (2014-09-25) (in en). The Longman Companion to European Nationalism 1789-1920. Routledge. ISBN 9781317897774. https://books.google.com/books?id=vmSgBAAAQBAJ.
- ↑ "Bulgaria". http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Bulgaria.html.
- ↑ "Sfakia - Crete - Greece: History part 4". http://www.sfakia-crete.com/sfakia-crete/historyd.html.
- ↑ "The Cretan Question, 1908-1913.". https://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/boshtml/bos134.htm.
- ↑ Konstandaras, Nikos (2014-09-24). "Crete Finds Self in Union". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. http://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/25/opinion/nikos-konstandaras-crete-finds-self-in-union.html.
- ↑ "Early-Cold-War-Events - The Czechoslovakian Uprising of 1968". https://early-cold-war-events.wikispaces.com/The+Czechoslovakian+Uprising+of+1968.
- ↑ Kraus, Michael; Stanger, Allison (2000-01-01) (in en). Irreconcilable Differences?: Explaining Czechoslovakia's Dissolution. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 9780847690213. https://books.google.com/books?id=LllN7rChpeYC.
- ↑ 20.0 20.1 "Democratic Republic of Georgia - History of Georgia". https://sites.google.com/site/historyofgeorgia/home/democraticrepublicofgeorgia.
- ↑ Leichsenring, Dr. Jana. "The German Democratic Republic (1949 - 1990)". https://www.bundestag.de/htdocs_e/artandhistory/history/parliamentarism/gdr.
- ↑ 22.0 22.1 "Cold War Museum". http://www.coldwar.org/articles/90s/reunification_of_germany.asp.
- ↑ ktv_wgockner. "1934 to 1938: Ständestaat in the Name of "God, the Almighty"" (in en). https://www.wien.gv.at/english/history/commemoration/staendestaat.html.
- ↑ Diamant, Alfred (1957-01-01). "Austrian Catholics and the First Republic, 1918-1934: A Study in Anti-Democratic Thought". The Western Political Quarterly 10 (3): 603–633. Template:Citation error. http://www.jstor.org/stable/443538.
- ↑ "First Austrian Republic" (in en). Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. 2016-04-19. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=First_Austrian_Republic&oldid=709406880.
- ↑ "Austrijos istorija" (in lt). Vikipedija. 2016-01-29. https://lt.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Austrijos_istorija&oldid=4914480.
- ↑ "BBC - Weather Centre - World Weather - Average Conditions - Vienna". 2010-12-02. https://web.archive.org/web/20101202042009/http:/www.bbc.co.uk/weather/world/city_guides/results.shtml?tt=TT003350.
- ↑ "Main outlines of Finnish history - thisisFINLAND" (in en-US). 2013-12-12. http://finland.fi/life-society/main-outlines-of-finnish-history/.
- ↑ 29.0 29.1 "How Otto von Bismarck forged the German Empire". http://theglobalstate.com/main-history/how-two-men-forged-the-german-empire/.
- ↑ "Irish Free State declared - Dec 06, 1921 - HISTORY.com". http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/irish-free-state-declared.
- ↑ O'Leary, Philip (2010-07-01) (in en). Gaelic Prose in the Irish Free State: 1922-1939. Penn State Press. ISBN 0271030100. https://books.google.lt/books?id=JXIv00X-jmoC&pg=PA7&dq=irish++free+state&hl=lt&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiXkvavqMTMAhWH0RQKHSwcDhoQ6AEILjAB#v=onepage&q=irish%2520%2520free%2520state&f=false.
- ↑ "Irish Free State" (in en). Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. 2016-04-29. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Irish_Free_State&oldid=718069761.
- ↑ "Italy: A Modern History - 1959, Page iii by Denis Mack Smith. | Online Research Library: Questia". https://www.questia.com/read/7696309/italy-a-modern-history.
- ↑ "Italija 1943-1945" (in lt-LT). 2012-09-03. https://istorijospaslaptys.wordpress.com/italija-1943-1945/.
- ↑ "Rome Cityguide | Your Travel Guide to Rome - Sightseeings and Touristic Places". http://www.orangesmile.com/travelguide/rome/index.htm.
- ↑ Tomasevich, Jozo (2001-01-01) (in en). War and Revolution in Yugoslavia: 1941 - 1945. Stanford University Press. ISBN 9780804779241. https://books.google.com/books?id=fqUSGevFe5MC.
- ↑ "Prussia". http://history-world.org/prussia.htm.
- ↑ "Kingdom of Prussia" (in en). Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. 2016-04-06. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Prussia&oldid=713948715.
- ↑ "Kingdom of Portugal" (in en). Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. 2016-05-03. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Portugal&oldid=713280158.
- ↑ Wheeler, Douglas L. (1999-12-01) (in en). Republican Portugal: A Political History, 1910-1926. Univ of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 9780299074548. https://books.google.com/books?id=PkH9wfKMqHwC.
- ↑ Руслан, Автор:. "Moldova: 1917-1918 годы в Молдове". http://statulmoldovenesc.blogspot.com/2011/02/1917-1918.html.
- ↑ "Moldova" (in en). Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. 2016-05-04. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moldova&oldid=718831749.
- ↑ "Kingdom of Montenegro" (in en). Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. 2016-04-28. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Montenegro&oldid=717563445.
- ↑ "Kingdom of Montenegro - House of Petrovich Njegosh". http://www.almanachdegotha.org/id24.html.
- ↑ "Montenegro" (in en). Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. 2016-05-04. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Montenegro&oldid=718593595.
- ↑ "Principality of Montenegro". https://www.onwar.com/actors/type42/Principality-of-Montenegro.htm.
- ↑ "People's Party (Montenegro, 1906)" (in en). Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Party_%2528Montenegro,_1906%2529.
- ↑ "Principality of Montenegro" (in en). Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. 2016-02-13. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Principality_of_Montenegro&oldid=704691384.
- ↑ Russell, Jesse (2013-01-01) (in English). Mountainous republic of the northern caucasus.. [Place of publication not identified]: Book On Demand Ltd. ISBN 5510770635. http://www.worldcat.org/title/mountainous-republic-of-the-northern-caucasus/oclc/855239637.
- ↑ "Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus" (in en). Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. 2016-05-02. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mountainous_Republic_of_the_Northern_Caucasus&oldid=684582421.
- ↑ "GHDI - Section". http://germanhistorydocs.ghi-dc.org/section.cfm?section_id=13.
- ↑ "TheOttomans.org - Discover The Ottomans". http://www.theottomans.org/english/history/index.asp.
- ↑ "Collapse of the Ottoman Empire, 1918-1920 - The Ottoman Empire | NZHistory, New Zealand history online". http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/war/ottoman-empire/collapse.
- ↑ "Milestones: 1989–1992 - Office of the Historian". https://history.state.gov/milestones/1989-1992/breakup-yugoslavia.
- ↑ Pike, John. "Albania - 1945-1992 - People's Republic of Albania". http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/europe/al-history-5.htm.
- ↑ "Project MUSE - Document Not Found". http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/journal_of_democracy/election_watch/v002/index.html.
- ↑ Dharshinak (in en). Albania: A Complete Guide. p. 8. https://books.google.com/books?id=PPajCgAAQBAJ.
- ↑ "Principality of Albania". http://ahemu.com/principality_albania50282.htm.
- ↑ "King Zog I of Albania | History Today". http://www.historytoday.com/richard-cavendish/king-zog-i-albania.
- ↑ "ROMANIA History. Timeline and major Romania historical events.". http://romaniatourism.com/history.html.
- ↑ "A Brief History of Romania". http://www.localhistories.org/rumania.html.
- ↑ "Romania". http://www.infoplease.com/country/romania.html.
- ↑ "The Media vs. Historical Accuracy: How Romania’s Current Communist Trials Are Being Misrepresented - Romania". http://www.balkanalysis.com/romania/2015/01/11/the-media-vs-historical-accuracy-how-romanias-current-communist-trials-are-being-misrepresented/.
- ↑ "A Brief History of Romania". http://www.localhistories.org/rumania.html.
- ↑ "Romania" (in en). Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. 2016-05-03. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Romania&oldid=718507593.
- ↑ "World History in Context - Document". http://ic.galegroup.com/ic/whic/ReferenceDetailsPage/ReferenceDetailsWindow?zid=dcc9d0d206242325281cfeee7a64562f&action=2&catId=&documentId=GALE%7CCX3048600073&userGroupName=seat24826&jsid=887400bc157db40d4db452da4506fcb4.
- ↑ "Russian Empire" (in en). Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. 2016-04-25. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Russian_Empire&oldid=718815094.
- ↑ Polyanski, D. S. (1959-01-01) (in English). Russian Socialist Federal Soviet Republic; The Whole Republic a Construction Site. London; Soviet Booklets. http://archive.org/details/RussianSocialistFederalSovietRepublicTheWholeRepublicAConstruction.
- ↑ "Rusijos TFSR" (in lt). Vikipedija. 2016-05-27. https://lt.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rusijos_TFSR&oldid=4637127.
- ↑ "Kingdom of Serbia" (in en). Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. 2016-05-05. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Serbia&oldid=718719033.
- ↑ "Kingdom of Serbia (1882-1918)". http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/rs_k.html.
- ↑ "Serbija" (in lt). Vikipedija. 2016-05-03. https://lt.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Serbija&oldid=4724071.
- ↑ "Slovak Republic (1939–45) Explained". http://everything.explained.today/Slovak_Republic_(1939%E2%80%9345)/.
- ↑ "Slovakia" (in en). Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. 2016-05-01. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Slovakia&oldid=718091101.
- ↑ "Francisco Franco Biography". 2016.05.04. http://www.biography.com/people/francisco-franco-9300766.
- ↑ "Francisco Franco - Facts & Summary - HISTORY.com". http://www.history.com/topics/francisco-franco.
- ↑ "Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic". http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Transcaucasian+Democratic+Federative+Republic.
- ↑ "UNPO: Trieste (Free Territory of Trieste)". http://unpo.org/members/17808.
- ↑ "USSR established - Dec 30, 1922 - HISTORY.com". http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/ussr-established.
- ↑ "Fall of the Soviet Union - Cold War - HISTORY.com". http://www.history.com/topics/cold-war/fall-of-soviet-union.
- ↑ Magocsi, Paul R. (2010-01-01) (in en). A History of Ukraine: The Land and Its Peoples. University of Toronto Press. ISBN 9781442640856. https://books.google.com/books?id=BNUtdVrw6lIC.
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- ↑ "Great Britain and the United Kingdom". http://www.britroyals.com/union.htm.
- ↑ "United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland" (in en). Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. 2016-04-24. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland&oldid=716961282.
- ↑ "West Germany". http://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h1886.html.